Selected Bibliography on Residents as Teachers

 

Elizabeth Morrison, MD, MSED and Joan A. Friedland, MD, MPH · Updated November 16, 2007

 

STUDIES OF RESIDENTS’ TEACHING SKILLS EDUCATION PROGRAMS

 

Randomized, controlled trials of curricular and feedback interventions

 

Bing-You RG, Greenberg LW, Wiederman BL, Smith CS. A randomized multicenter trial to improve resident teaching with written feedback. Teach Learn Med. 1997;9:10–13.

 

D'Eon MF. Evaluation of a teaching workshop for residents at the University of Saskatchewan: a pilot study. Acad Med. 2004;79:791-797.

 

Dunnington GL, DaRosa D. A prospective randomized trial of a residents-as-teachers training program. Acad Med. 1998; 73:696–700.

 

Edwards JC, Kissling GE, Brannan JR, Plauche WC, Marier RL. Study of teaching residents how to teach. J Med Educ. 1988;63:603-610.

 

Furney SL, Orsini AN, Orsetti KE, Stern DT, Gruppen LD, Irby DM. Teaching the one-minute preceptor: a randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:620-624.

 

Jewett LS, Greenberg LW, Goldberg RM. Teaching residents how to teach: a one-year study. J Med Educ. 1982;57:361-366.

 

Litzelman DK, Stratos GA, Marriott DJ, Lazaridis EN, Skeff KM. Beneficial and harmful effects of augmented feedback on physicians’ clinical-teaching performance. Acad Med. 1998;73:324-332.

 

Mass S, Shah SS, Daly SX, Sultana CJ. Effect of feedback on obstetrics and gynecology residents' teaching performance and attitudes. J Reprod Med. 2001;46:669-674.

Morrison EH, Rucker L, Boker JR, Gabbert CC, Hubbell FA, Hitchcock MA, Prislin MD. The effect of a 13-hour curriculum to improve residents' teaching skills: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:257-263.

 

Morrison EH, Rucker L, Boker JR, Hollingshead J, Hitchcock MA, Prislin MD, Hubbell FA. A pilot randomized, controlled trial of a longitudinal residents-as-teachers curriculum. Acad Med. 2003;78:722-729.

 

Gaba ND, Blatt B, Macri CJ, Greenberg L.  Improving teaching skills in obstetrics and gynecology residents: evaluation of a residents-as-teachers program.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196:1-7.

 

Other controlled studies

 

Barth RJ, Rowland-Morin PA, Mott LA, Burchard KW. Communication effectiveness training improves surgical resident teaching ability. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;185:516-519.

 

Greenberg LW, Goldberg RM, Jewett LS. Teaching in the clinical setting: factors influencing residents’ perceptions, confidence and behavior. Med Educ. 1984;18:360-365.

 

Griffith CH 3rd, Georgesen JC, Wilson JF. Specialty choices of students who actually have choices: the influence of excellent clinical teachers. Acad Med. 2000;75:278-282.

 

Mainiero MB, Collins J, Primack SL. Effectiveness of resident-prepared conferences in teaching imaging utilization guidelines to radiology residents. Acad Radiol. 1999;6:748-751.

 

Snell L. Improving medical residents’ teaching skills. Ann Royal Coll Phys Surg Can.1989;22:125-128.

 

Spickard A, Corbett EC, Schorling JB. Improving residents’ teaching skills and attitudes toward teaching. J Gen Intern Med. 1996;11:475-480.

 

Thomas PS, Harris P, Rendina N, Keogh G. Residents as teachers: outcomes of a brief training programmed. Educ Health. 2002;15:71-78.

 

Descriptive  articles about residents’ teaching skills education programs

 

Baser-Decker T, Ellis S, Bartlett H. Applying adult learning theory to a residents-as-

teachers workshop series. Acad Med. 2000;75:546.

 

Bing-You RG. Differences in teaching skills and attitudes among residents after their

formal instruction in teaching skills. Acad Med. 1990;65:483-484.

 

Bing-You RG, Greenberg LW. Training residents in clinical teaching skills: a resident-

managed program. Med Teacher. 1990;12:305-309.

 

Brown RS. Pedagogy for surgical house staff. J Med Educ. 1971;46:93-95.

 

Camp MG, Hoban JD. Teaching medicine residents to teach. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL,

eds. Clinical Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs. New

York: Springer, 1988:201-213.

 

Camp MG, Hoban JD, Katz P. A course on teaching for house officers. J Med Educ. 1985;

60:140-142.

 

Collins J, Saflyun SM, Albanese MA. Resident learning and knowledge retention from

resident-prepared chest radiology conferences. Acad Radiol. 1997;732-735.

 

Edwards JC, Kissling GE, Plauche WC, Marier RL. Developing and evaluating a teaching

improvement program for residents. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical Teaching for

Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs. New York: Springer, 1988:157-174.

 

Edwards JC, Kissling GE, Plauche WC, Marier RL. Long-term evaluation of training

residents in clinical teaching skills. J Med Educ. 1986;61:967-970.

 

Edwards KS, Woolf PK, Hetzler T. Pediatric residents as learners and teachers of

evidence-based medicine. Acad Med. 2002;77:748.

Greenberg LW, Jewett LS. Preparing medical students to teach: an educational program

using three approaches. Med Teach. 1987;9:409-414.

 

Greenberg LW, Jewett LS, Goldberg RM. The Children’s Hospital experience. In: Edwards

JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and

Programs. New York: Springer, 1988:175-186.

 

Johnson CE, Bachur R, Priebe C, Barnes-Ruth A, Lovejoy FH, Hafler JP. Developing

residents as teachers: process and content. Pediatr. 1996;97:907-916.

 

Kempainen RR, Hallstrand TS, Culver BH, Tonelli MR. Fellows as teachers: the teacher-

assistant experience during pulmonary subspecialty training. Chest. 2005;128:401-406.

 

Lawson BK, Harvill LM. The evaluation of a training program for improving residents’

teaching skills. J Med Educ. 1980;55:1000-1005.

 

Lewis JM, Kapelman MM. Teaching styles: an introductory program for residents. J Med

Educ. 1984;59:355.

 

Litzelman DK, Stratos GA, Skeff KM. The effect of a clinical teaching retreat on residents’

teaching skills. Acad Med. 1994;69:433-434.

 

Meleca CB, Pearsol JA. Teaching surgery residents to teach. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL,

eds. Clinical Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs. New

York: Springer, 1988:187-200.

 

Mitchell S, Cook J, Densen P. A teaching rotation for residents. Acad Med. 1994;69:434.

 

Morrison EH, Lewis EM, Gabbert CC, Boker JR, Kumar B, Harthill M. Evaluating a “service

elective” in clinical teaching for medical students. Med Teacher. 2004;25:662-663.

 

Nestel D, Kidd J. Evaluating a teaching skills workshop for medical students. Med Educ.

2002;36:1094-1095.

 

Orlander JD, Bor DH, Strunin L. A structured clinical feedback exercise as a learning-to-

teach practicum for medical residents. Acad Med. 1994;69:18-20.

 

Pristach CA, Donoghue GD, Sarkin R, et al. A multidisciplinary program to improve the

teaching skills of incoming housestaff. Acad Med.1991;66:172-174.

 

Rider EA, Federman DD, Hafler JP. Residents as teachers—a faculty development

approach to programme development. Med Educ. 2000;34:955-956.

Roberts KB, DeWitt TG, Goldberg RL, Scheiner AP. A program to develop residents-as

teachers. Arch Pediatr Adol Med. 1994;148:405-410.

 

Rockey P, Dunnington G, DaRosa D. A multidisciplinary approach to teaching residents to

teach. Acad Med. 2000;75:545-546.

 

Rosenblum ND, Naler J, Lovejoy FH, Hafler JP. The pedagogic characteristics of a clinical

conference for senior residents and faculty. Arch Pediatr Adol Med. 1995;149:1023-1028.

 

Shapiro J, Friedman M, Lie D. The resident as teacher of medical humanities. Med Educ.

2002;36:1099-1100.

 

Spickard A, Corbett G. A practical program to improve residents’ teaching. Acad Med.

1995;70:451-452.

 

Susman JL, Gilbert CS. A brief faculty development program for family medicine chief

residents. Teach Learn Med. 1995;7:111-114.

 

Troupin RH. The mini-fellowship in teaching: a senior resident elective. Invest Radiol.

1990;25:751-753.

 

White CB, Bassali RW, Heery LB. Teaching residents to teach: an instructional program

for training pediatric residents to precept third-year medical students in the ambulatory

clinic. Arch Pediatr Adol Med. 1997;151:730-735.

 

Wipf JE, Orlander JD, Anderson JJ. The effect of a teaching skills course on interns’ and

students’ evaluations of their resident-teachers. Acad Med. 1999;74:938-942.

 

Wipf JE, Pinsky LE, Burke W. Turning interns into senior residents: preparing residents

for their teaching and leadership roles. Acad Med. 1995;70:591-596.

 

Zenni EA, First LR, Hafler JP. A case-study approach: fellows’ perceptions of a teaching

course. Arch Pediatr Adol Med. 1994;148:311-315.

 

OTHER STUDIES ABOUT RESIDENTS’ TEACHING SKILLS EDUCATION

 

Academic performance and clinical teaching: comparison studies

 

Griffith CH, Georgesen JC, Wilson JF. Six-year documentation of the association between

excellent clinical teaching and improved students’ examination performances. Acad Med.

2000;75:S62-S64.

 

Griffith CH, Wilson JF, Haist SA, Ramsbottom-Lucier M. Do students who work with better

house staff in their medicine clerkships learn more? Acad Med. 1998;73:S57-S59.

 

Morrison EH, Rucker L, Prislin MD, Castro C. A lack of correlation of residents’ academic

performance and teaching skills. Am J Med. 2000;109:238-240.

 

Seeley AJE, Pelletier MP, Snell LS, Trudel JL. Do surgical residents rated as better

teachers perform better on in-training examinations? Am J Surg. 1999;177:33-37.

 

Stern DT, Williams BC, Gill A, Gruppen LD, Wooliscroft JO, Grum CM. Is there a

relationship between attending physicians’ and residents’ teaching skills and students’

examination scores? Acad Med. 2000;75:1144-1146.

 

Weiss V, Needleman R. To teach is to learn twice: resident teachers learn more. Arch

Pediatr Adol Med. 1998;152:190-192.

 

Books about residents’ teaching skills education

 

Edwards JC, Friedland JA, Bing-You R., eds. Residents’ Teaching Skills. Springer Series

on Medical Education. New York: Springer, 2002.

 

Edwards JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques,

and Programs. New York: Springer, 1988.

 

Evaluating residents’ teaching skills: instruments, studies and reviews

 

Arseneau R. An instrument to assess the outcomes of a teacher education program for

residents. Acad Med. 1995;70:166-167.

 

DaRosa DA. Residents as teachers: evaluating programs and performance. In: Edwards

JC, Friedland JA, Bing-You R, eds. Residents’ Teaching Skills. New York: Springer. 2002:

100-114.

 

Irby DM. Evaluating resident teaching. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical Teaching

for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs. New York: Springer, 1988:

121-128.

 

Litzelman DK, Stratos GA, Marriott DJ, Skeff KM. Factorial validation of a widely

disseminated educational framework for evaluating clinical teachers. Acad Med. 1998;

73:688-695.

 

Marriott DJ, Litzelman DK. Students’ global assessments of clinical teachers: a reliable

and valid measure of teaching effectiveness. Acad Med. 1998;73:S72-S74.

 

Morrison EH, Boker JR, Hollingshead J, Prislin MD, Hitchcock MA, Litzelman DK.

Reliability and validity of an objective structured teaching examination for generalist

resident teachers. Acad Med. 2002;77:S29-S32.

 

Morrison EH, Hitchcock MA, Harthill M, Boker JR, Masunaga H. The on-line Clinical

Teaching Perception Inventory®: a “snapshot” of medical teachers.  Fam Med. 2005;37:

48-53.

 

Ramsey PG, Gillmore GM, Irby DM. Evaluating clinical teaching in the medicine clerkship:

relationship of instructor experience and training setting to ratings of teaching

effectiveness. J Gen Intern Med. 1988;3:351-5.

 

Snell L, Tallett S, Haist S, Hays R, Norcini J, Prince K, Rothman A, Rowe R. A  review of

the evaluation of clinical teaching: new perspectives and challenges. Med Educ. 2000; 34:

862-870.

 

Williams BC, Litzelman DK, Babbott SF, Lubitz RM, Hofer TP. Validation of a global

measure of faculty’s clinical teaching performance. Acad Med. 2002;77:177-180.

 

Interest in teaching among residents and students: documentation studies

 

Apter A, Metzger R, Glassroth J. Residents’ perceptions of their role as teachers. JMed

Educ. 1988;63:900-905.

 

Barrow MV. Medical student opinions of the house officer as a medical educator. J Med

Educ .1966;41:807-810.

 

Bing-You RB, Harvey BJ. Factors related to residents’ desire and ability to teach in the

clinical setting. Teach Learn Med. 1991;3:95-100.

 

Bing-You RG, Sproul MS. Medical students’ perceptions of themselves and residents-as-

teachers. Med Teacher. 1992;14:133-138.

 

Brown RS. House staff attitudes toward teaching. J Med Educ. 1970;45:156-159.

 

Callen KE, Roberts JM. Psychiatric residents’ attitudes toward teaching. Am J Psychiatr.

1980;137:1104-1106.

 

Ramani S, Orlander JD, Strunin L, Barber TW. Whither bedside teaching? A focus-group

study of clinical teachers. Acad Med. 2003;78:384-390.

Satran L, Harris I. Medical student teaching by residents. Res Staff  Phys. 1992;38:113-

116.

 

Yedidia MJ, Schwartz MD, Hirschkorn C, Lipkin M. The conflicting roles of medical

residents. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10:615-623.

 

Zabar S, Hanley K, Stevens DL, Kalet A, Schwartz MD, Pearlman E, Brenner J,

Kachur EK, Lipkin M. Measuring the competence of residents as teachers. J Gen Intern

Med. 2004;19:530-533.

 

Literature reviews about residents’ teaching skills education in general

 

Bing-You RG, Edwards JC. Residents as teachers. In: Distlehorst LH, Dunnington GL and

Folse JR, eds. Teaching and Learning in Medical and Surgical Education. Mahwah, NJ:

Erlbaum. 2000:169-181.

 

Frank SA, Jozefowicz RF. The challenges of residents teaching neurology. Neurologist.

2004;10:216-220.

 

Kaji A, Moorhead JC. Residents as teachers in the emergency department. Ann Emerg

Med. 2002;39:316-318.

Morrison EH, Hafler JP. Yesterday a learner, today a teacher too: residents as teachers in 2000. Pediatr. 2000;105:238-241.

 

Roberts CC, Chew FS. Teaching radiology residents, and radiology residents as teachers.

Acad Radiol. 2003;10Suppl:S97-S101.

 

Skeff KM, Berman J, Stratos G. A review of clinical teaching improvement methodsand a

theoretical framework for their evaluation. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical

Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs. New York: Springer.

1988:92-120.

 

Spickard A, Wenger M, Corbett EC. Three essential features of a workshop to improve

resident teaching skills. Teach Learn Med.1996; 8:170-173.

 

Wilson FC. Residents as teachers. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:1441-1443.

 

Needs assessment studies for residents’ teaching skills development

 

Morrison EH, Hollingshead J, Hubbell FA, Hitchcock MA, Rucker L, Prislin MD. Reach

out and teach someone: generalist residents’ needs for teaching skills development. Fam

Med. 2002;34:445-450.

 

Rotenberg BW, Woodhouse RA, Gilbart M, Hutchison CR. A needs assessment of

surgical residents as teachers. Can J Surg. 2000;43:295-300.

 

Published curricula for residents and medical students as teachers

 

Blatt B, Greenberg L, Kallenberg G, Confessore G, Confessore S. The Talks Manual: A

Guide to Teaching Senior Students in the Health Professions to be Educators. Washington, DC: George Washington University, 2000.

 

Dunnington GL, DaRosa D. Instructor’s Guide for Teaching Residents to Teach.

Springfield, IL: Association for Surgical Education, 2000.

 

Edwards JC, Plauche WC, Marier RL. Handbook of Conferences on Teaching Skills for

Residents. New Orleans: Louisiana State University, 1988.

 

Friedland JA, Zimmerman JL, Liscum KR. Skills for internship. Acad Med. 1998;73:610-

611.

 

Hafler JP. Residents as teachers: a process for training and development. J Nutr. 2003;

133:544S-546S.

Morrison EH, Garman KA, Friedland JA. A national Web site for residents as teachers.

Acad Med. 2001;76:544-545.

 

Schwenk TL, Whitman N. Residents as Teachers: A Guide to Educational Practice. Salt

Lake City: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of

Medicine, 1993:84.

 

Wipf JE. The Role of the Senior Resident: Team Manager, Leader and Teacher. Seattle:

University of Washington, 2000.

 

Surveys about residents’ teaching skills improvement programs

 

Anderson KD, Anderson WA, Scholten DJ. Surgical residents as teachers. Curr Surg.

1990;47;185-188.

 

Bing-You RG, Tooker J. Teaching skills improvement program in US internal medicine

residencies. Med Educ. 1993;27:259-265.

 

Busari JO, Scherpbier AJ, van der Vleuten CP, Essed GG. The perceptions of attending

doctors of the role of residents as teachers of undergraduate clinical students. Med Educ.

2003;37:241-247.

 

Morrison EH, Friedland JA, Boker J, Rucker L, Hollingshead J, Murata P. Residents-as-

teachers training in U.S. residency programs and offices of graduate medical education.

Acad Med. 2001;76:S1-S4.

 

Teaching skills and behaviors in residents: documentation studies

 

Ashikawa H, Xu G, Veloski JJ. Students’ ratings of otolaryngology clerkship activities: the

role of residents. Med Teacher. 1992;14:77-81.

 

Ashton CM, Wray NP, Friedland JA, Zollo AJ, Scheurich JW. The association between

residents’ work-rounds styles and the process and outcome of medical care. J Gen Intern

Med. 1994;9:208-212.

 

Barnard K, Elnicki DM, Lescisin DA, Tulsky A, Armistead N. Students’ perceptions of the

effectiveness of interns’ teaching during the internal medicine clerkship. Acad Med. 2001;

76:S8-S10.

 

Chan-Yan C, Gillies JH, Ruedy J, Montaner JS, Marshall SA. Clinical skills of medical

residents: a review of physical examination. CMAJ. 1988;139:629-632.

 

LaPalio LR. Time study of students and house staff on a university medical service. J Med

 Educ. 1981;56:61-64.

 

Minor S, Poenaru D. The in-house education of clinical clerks in surgery and the role of

housestaff. Am J Surg. 2002;184:471-475.

 

Morrison EH, Shapiro J, Harthill M. Resident physicians’ understanding of their roles as

clinical teachers. Med Educ. 2005;39:137-144.

 

O’Sullivan PS, Weinberg E, Boll AG, Nelson TR. Students’ educational activities during

clerkship. Acad Med. 1997;72:308-313.

 

Schwenk TL, Sheets KJ, Marquez JT, Whitman NA, Davis WE, McClure CL. Where, how,

and from whom do family practice residents learn? A multisite analysis. Fam Med. 1987;

19:265-268.

 

Sheets KJ, Hankin FM, Schwenk TL. Preparing surgery house officers for their teaching

role. Am J Surg. 1991;161:443-449.

 

Stern DT. In search of the informal curriculum: when and where professional values are

taught. Acad Med. 1998;73:S28-S30.

 

Tremonti LP, Biddle WB. Teaching behaviors of residents and faculty members. J Med

Educ. 1982;57:854-859.

 

Wilkerson LA, Lesky L, Medio FJ. The resident as teacher during work rounds. J Med

Educ. 1986;61:823-829.

 

Wray NP, Friedland JA. Detection and correction of house staff errors in physical

diagnosis. JAMA. 1983:249:1035-1037.

 

Wray NP, Friedland JA, Ashton CM, Scheurich J, Zollo AJ. Characteristics of house staff

work rounds on two academic general medicine services. J Med Educ. 1986;61:893-900.

 

Other selected publications pertinent to residents as teachers