Selected
Bibliography on Residents as Teachers
Elizabeth
Morrison, MD, MSED and Joan A. Friedland, MD, MPH · Updated November
16, 2007
STUDIES OF
RESIDENTS’ TEACHING SKILLS EDUCATION PROGRAMS
Randomized, controlled trials of curricular and feedback
interventions
Bing-You
RG, Greenberg LW, Wiederman BL, Smith CS. A randomized multicenter trial to
improve resident teaching with written feedback. Teach Learn Med. 1997;9:10–13.
D'Eon MF. Evaluation of a
teaching workshop for residents at the University of Saskatchewan:
a pilot study. Acad Med. 2004;79:791-797.
Dunnington GL, DaRosa D. A prospective randomized
trial of a residents-as-teachers training program. Acad Med. 1998; 73:696–700.
Edwards
JC, Kissling GE, Brannan JR, Plauche WC, Marier RL. Study of teaching residents
how to teach. J Med Educ. 1988;63:603-610.
Furney
SL, Orsini AN, Orsetti KE, Stern DT, Gruppen LD, Irby DM. Teaching the
one-minute preceptor: a randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:620-624.
Jewett
LS, Greenberg LW, Goldberg RM. Teaching residents how to teach: a one-year
study. J Med Educ. 1982;57:361-366.
Litzelman
DK, Stratos GA, Marriott DJ, Lazaridis EN, Skeff KM. Beneficial and harmful
effects of augmented feedback on physicians’ clinical-teaching performance. Acad Med. 1998;73:324-332.
Mass S, Shah SS, Daly SX, Sultana CJ. Effect of
feedback on obstetrics and gynecology residents' teaching performance and
attitudes. J Reprod Med. 2001;46:669-674.
Morrison EH, Rucker L, Boker JR,
Gabbert CC, Hubbell FA, Hitchcock MA, Prislin MD. The effect of a 13-hour
curriculum to improve residents' teaching skills: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:257-263.
Morrison EH, Rucker
L, Boker JR, Hollingshead J, Hitchcock MA, Prislin MD, Hubbell FA. A pilot
randomized, controlled trial of a longitudinal residents-as-teachers
curriculum. Acad Med. 2003;78:722-729.
Gaba ND,
Blatt B, Macri CJ, Greenberg L.
Improving teaching skills in obstetrics and gynecology residents:
evaluation of a residents-as-teachers program.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196:1-7.
Other
controlled studies
Barth RJ,
Rowland-Morin PA, Mott LA, Burchard KW. Communication effectiveness training
improves surgical resident teaching ability. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;185:516-519.
Greenberg LW,
Goldberg RM, Jewett LS. Teaching in the clinical setting: factors influencing residents’
perceptions, confidence and behavior. Med
Educ. 1984;18:360-365.
Griffith CH 3rd, Georgesen JC, Wilson JF. Specialty
choices of students who actually have choices: the influence of excellent
clinical teachers. Acad Med. 2000;75:278-282.
Mainiero
MB, Collins J, Primack SL. Effectiveness of resident-prepared conferences in
teaching imaging utilization guidelines to radiology residents. Acad Radiol. 1999;6:748-751.
Snell
L. Improving medical residents’ teaching skills. Ann Royal Coll Phys Surg Can.1989;22:125-128.
Spickard
A, Corbett EC, Schorling JB. Improving residents’ teaching skills and attitudes
toward teaching. J Gen Intern Med.
1996;11:475-480.
Thomas PS, Harris P, Rendina N, Keogh G. Residents as
teachers: outcomes of a brief training programmed. Educ Health. 2002;15:71-78.
Descriptive articles
about residents’ teaching skills education programs
Baser-Decker
T, Ellis S, Bartlett H. Applying adult learning theory to a residents-as-
teachers workshop series. Acad Med. 2000;75:546.
Bing-You RG. Differences in teaching skills and
attitudes among residents after their
formal instruction in teaching skills. Acad Med. 1990;65:483-484.
Bing-You RG, Greenberg LW. Training residents
in clinical teaching skills: a resident-
managed program. Med Teacher. 1990;12:305-309.
Brown RS. Pedagogy for surgical house staff. J Med Educ. 1971;46:93-95.
Camp
MG, Hoban JD. Teaching
medicine residents to teach. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL,
eds.
Clinical Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs.
New
York:
Springer, 1988:201-213.
Camp MG, Hoban JD, Katz P. A course on teaching
for house officers. J Med Educ. 1985;
60:140-142.
Collins J, Saflyun SM, Albanese MA. Resident
learning and knowledge retention from
resident-prepared chest radiology conferences. Acad Radiol. 1997;732-735.
Edwards JC, Kissling GE, Plauche WC, Marier RL.
Developing and evaluating a teaching
improvement program for residents. In: Edwards
JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical Teaching for
Medical
Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs.
New York:
Springer, 1988:157-174.
Edwards JC, Kissling GE, Plauche WC, Marier RL.
Long-term evaluation of training
residents in clinical teaching skills. J Med Educ. 1986;61:967-970.
Edwards KS, Woolf PK, Hetzler T. Pediatric
residents as learners and teachers of
evidence-based
medicine. Acad Med. 2002;77:748.
Greenberg LW, Jewett LS. Preparing medical
students to teach: an educational program
using three approaches. Med Teach. 1987;9:409-414.
Greenberg LW, Jewett LS, Goldberg RM.
The Children’s Hospital experience. In: Edwards
JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and
Programs. New York:
Springer, 1988:175-186.
Johnson CE, Bachur R, Priebe C, Barnes-Ruth A,
Lovejoy FH, Hafler JP. Developing
residents as teachers: process and content. Pediatr. 1996;97:907-916.
Kempainen RR, Hallstrand TS, Culver BH, Tonelli MR. Fellows
as teachers: the teacher-
assistant
experience during pulmonary subspecialty training. Chest. 2005;128:401-406.
Lawson
BK, Harvill LM. The evaluation of a training program for improving residents’
teaching skills. J Med Educ. 1980;55:1000-1005.
Lewis JM, Kapelman MM. Teaching styles: an
introductory program for residents. J Med
Educ. 1984;59:355.
Litzelman DK, Stratos GA,
Skeff KM. The effect of a clinical teaching retreat on residents’
teaching skills. Acad Med. 1994;69:433-434.
Meleca CB, Pearsol JA. Teaching surgery
residents to teach. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL,
eds. Clinical
Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs. New
York:
Springer, 1988:187-200.
Mitchell S, Cook J, Densen P. A teaching
rotation for residents. Acad Med.
1994;69:434.
Morrison EH, Lewis EM, Gabbert
CC, Boker JR, Kumar B, Harthill M. Evaluating a “service
elective”
in clinical teaching for medical students. Med
Teacher. 2004;25:662-663.
Nestel
D, Kidd J. Evaluating a teaching skills workshop for medical students. Med Educ.
2002;36:1094-1095.
Orlander
JD, Bor DH, Strunin L. A structured clinical feedback exercise as a learning-to-
teach
practicum for medical residents. Acad Med.
1994;69:18-20.
Pristach
CA, Donoghue GD, Sarkin R, et al.
A multidisciplinary program to improve the
teaching skills of incoming housestaff. Acad Med.1991;66:172-174.
Rider EA, Federman DD, Hafler JP. Residents as
teachers—a faculty development
approach to
programme development. Med Educ. 2000;34:955-956.
Roberts KB, DeWitt TG, Goldberg RL, Scheiner
AP. A program to develop residents-as
teachers. Arch
Pediatr Adol Med. 1994;148:405-410.
Rockey P, Dunnington G, DaRosa D. A
multidisciplinary approach to teaching residents to
teach. Acad
Med. 2000;75:545-546.
Rosenblum ND, Naler J, Lovejoy FH, Hafler JP. The pedagogic
characteristics of a clinical
conference
for senior residents and faculty. Arch
Pediatr Adol Med. 1995;149:1023-1028.
Shapiro
J, Friedman M, Lie D. The resident as teacher of medical humanities. Med Educ.
2002;36:1099-1100.
Spickard
A, Corbett G. A practical program to improve residents’ teaching. Acad Med.
1995;70:451-452.
Susman
JL, Gilbert CS. A brief faculty development program for family medicine chief
residents.
Teach Learn Med. 1995;7:111-114.
Troupin
RH. The mini-fellowship in teaching: a senior resident elective. Invest Radiol.
1990;25:751-753.
White
CB, Bassali RW, Heery LB. Teaching residents to teach: an instructional program
for
training pediatric residents to precept third-year medical students in the
ambulatory
clinic.
Arch Pediatr Adol Med. 1997;151:730-735.
Wipf
JE, Orlander JD, Anderson JJ. The effect of a teaching skills course on
interns’ and
students’
evaluations of their resident-teachers. Acad
Med. 1999;74:938-942.
Wipf
JE, Pinsky LE, Burke W. Turning interns into senior residents: preparing
residents
for
their teaching and leadership roles. Acad
Med. 1995;70:591-596.
Zenni
EA, First LR, Hafler JP. A case-study approach: fellows’ perceptions of a
teaching
course.
Arch Pediatr Adol Med. 1994;148:311-315.
OTHER STUDIES ABOUT RESIDENTS’ TEACHING SKILLS EDUCATION
Academic performance and clinical teaching: comparison
studies
Griffith
CH, Georgesen JC, Wilson JF. Six-year documentation of the association between
excellent clinical
teaching and improved students’ examination performances. Acad Med.
2000;75:S62-S64.
Griffith
CH, Wilson JF, Haist SA, Ramsbottom-Lucier M. Do students who work with better
house
staff in their medicine clerkships learn more? Acad Med. 1998;73:S57-S59.
Morrison
EH, Rucker L, Prislin MD, Castro C. A lack of correlation of residents’
academic
performance
and teaching skills. Am J Med. 2000;109:238-240.
Seeley
AJE, Pelletier MP, Snell LS, Trudel JL. Do surgical residents rated as better
teachers
perform better on in-training examinations? Am
J Surg. 1999;177:33-37.
Stern
DT, Williams BC, Gill A, Gruppen LD, Wooliscroft JO, Grum CM. Is there a
relationship
between attending physicians’ and residents’ teaching skills and students’
examination
scores? Acad Med. 2000;75:1144-1146.
Weiss V, Needleman R. To teach is to learn twice:
resident teachers learn more. Arch
Pediatr Adol
Med. 1998;152:190-192.
Books about residents’ teaching skills education
Edwards
JC, Friedland JA, Bing-You R., eds. Residents’
Teaching Skills. Springer Series
on
Medical Education. New York:
Springer, 2002.
Edwards
JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical Teaching for
Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques,
and Programs.
New York:
Springer, 1988.
Evaluating residents’ teaching skills: instruments, studies
and reviews
Arseneau
R. An instrument to assess the outcomes of a teacher education program for
residents.
Acad Med. 1995;70:166-167.
DaRosa
DA. Residents as teachers: evaluating programs and performance. In: Edwards
JC,
Friedland JA, Bing-You R, eds. Residents’
Teaching Skills. New York:
Springer. 2002:
100-114.
Irby
DM. Evaluating resident teaching. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical Teaching
for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and Programs. New York:
Springer, 1988:
121-128.
Litzelman DK, Stratos
GA, Marriott DJ, Skeff KM.
Factorial validation of a widely
disseminated educational framework for evaluating
clinical teachers. Acad Med. 1998;
73:688-695.
Marriott DJ, Litzelman DK. Students’ global
assessments of clinical teachers: a reliable
and valid measure of teaching effectiveness. Acad
Med. 1998;73:S72-S74.
Morrison EH, Boker JR, Hollingshead J, Prislin MD, Hitchcock MA,
Litzelman DK.
Reliability
and validity of an objective structured teaching examination for generalist
resident
teachers. Acad Med. 2002;77:S29-S32.
Morrison
EH, Hitchcock MA, Harthill M, Boker JR, Masunaga H. The on-line Clinical
Teaching
Perception Inventory®: a “snapshot” of medical teachers. Fam Med.
2005;37:
48-53.
Ramsey PG, Gillmore
GM, Irby DM. Evaluating clinical teaching in the medicine clerkship:
relationship of
instructor experience and training setting to ratings of teaching
effectiveness.
J Gen Intern Med. 1988;3:351-5.
Snell
L, Tallett S, Haist S, Hays R, Norcini J, Prince K, Rothman A, Rowe R. A review of
the
evaluation of clinical teaching: new perspectives and challenges. Med Educ. 2000; 34:
862-870.
Williams
BC, Litzelman DK, Babbott SF, Lubitz RM, Hofer TP. Validation of a global
measure
of faculty’s clinical teaching performance. Acad
Med. 2002;77:177-180.
Interest in teaching among residents and students:
documentation studies
Apter
A, Metzger R, Glassroth J. Residents’ perceptions of their role as teachers. JMed
Educ. 1988;63:900-905.
Barrow
MV. Medical student opinions of the house officer as a medical educator. J Med
Educ .1966;41:807-810.
Bing-You
RB, Harvey BJ. Factors related to residents’ desire and ability to teach in the
clinical
setting. Teach Learn Med. 1991;3:95-100.
Bing-You
RG, Sproul MS. Medical students’ perceptions of themselves and residents-as-
teachers.
Med Teacher. 1992;14:133-138.
Brown
RS. House staff attitudes toward teaching. J
Med Educ. 1970;45:156-159.
Callen
KE, Roberts JM. Psychiatric residents’ attitudes toward teaching. Am J Psychiatr.
1980;137:1104-1106.
Ramani S, Orlander JD, Strunin L, Barber TW. Whither bedside
teaching? A focus-group
study of clinical teachers. Acad Med. 2003;78:384-390.
Satran
L, Harris I. Medical student teaching by residents. Res Staff Phys. 1992;38:113-
116.
Yedidia
MJ, Schwartz MD, Hirschkorn C, Lipkin M. The conflicting roles of medical
residents.
J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10:615-623.
Zabar S, Hanley K, Stevens DL, Kalet A, Schwartz MD, Pearlman E, Brenner J,
Kachur EK, Lipkin M. Measuring the
competence of residents as teachers. J
Gen Intern
Med. 2004;19:530-533.
Literature reviews about residents’ teaching skills education in general
Bing-You RG, Edwards JC. Residents as teachers. In:
Distlehorst LH, Dunnington GL and
Folse JR, eds. Teaching
and Learning in Medical and Surgical Education. Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum. 2000:169-181.
Frank SA, Jozefowicz RF. The
challenges of residents teaching neurology. Neurologist.
2004;10:216-220.
Kaji A, Moorhead JC. Residents as
teachers in the emergency department. Ann
Emerg
Med. 2002;39:316-318.
Morrison EH, Hafler
JP. Yesterday a learner, today a teacher too: residents as teachers in 2000. Pediatr. 2000;105:238-241.
Roberts CC, Chew FS. Teaching
radiology residents, and radiology residents as teachers.
Acad Radiol. 2003;10Suppl:S97-S101.
Skeff
KM, Berman J, Stratos G. A review of clinical teaching improvement methodsand a
theoretical
framework for their evaluation. In: Edwards JC, Marier RL, eds. Clinical
Teaching for Medical Residents: Roles, Techniques, and
Programs. New York: Springer.
1988:92-120.
Spickard
A, Wenger M, Corbett EC. Three essential features of a workshop to improve
resident
teaching skills. Teach Learn Med.1996;
8:170-173.
Wilson FC. Residents as
teachers. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:1441-1443.
Needs assessment studies for residents’ teaching skills development
Morrison EH, Hollingshead J, Hubbell FA, Hitchcock MA, Rucker L,
Prislin MD. Reach
out and teach someone: generalist residents’ needs for teaching skills
development. Fam
Med. 2002;34:445-450.
Rotenberg
BW, Woodhouse RA, Gilbart M, Hutchison CR. A needs assessment of
surgical
residents as teachers. Can J Surg.
2000;43:295-300.
Published curricula for residents and medical students as
teachers
Blatt
B, Greenberg L, Kallenberg G, Confessore G, Confessore S. The Talks Manual: A
Guide
to Teaching Senior Students in the Health Professions to be Educators.
Washington, DC:
George Washington University,
2000.
Dunnington
GL, DaRosa D. Instructor’s Guide for
Teaching Residents to Teach.
Springfield, IL: Association for Surgical Education, 2000.
Edwards
JC, Plauche WC, Marier RL. Handbook of
Conferences on Teaching Skills for
Residents.
New Orleans: Louisiana State
University, 1988.
Friedland
JA, Zimmerman JL, Liscum KR. Skills for internship. Acad Med. 1998;73:610-
611.
Hafler JP. Residents as
teachers: a process for training and development. J Nutr. 2003;
133:544S-546S.
Morrison
EH, Garman KA, Friedland JA. A national Web site for residents as teachers.
Acad Med. 2001;76:544-545.
Schwenk
TL, Whitman N. Residents as Teachers: A
Guide to Educational Practice. Salt
Lake City: Department
of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School
of
Medicine,
1993:84.
Wipf
JE. The Role of the Senior Resident: Team
Manager, Leader and Teacher. Seattle:
University of Washington, 2000.
Surveys about residents’ teaching skills improvement
programs
Anderson KD, Anderson
WA, Scholten DJ. Surgical
residents as teachers. Curr Surg.
1990;47;185-188.
Bing-You
RG, Tooker J. Teaching skills improvement program in US internal medicine
residencies.
Med Educ. 1993;27:259-265.
Busari JO, Scherpbier AJ, van der Vleuten CP, Essed GG. The perceptions
of attending
doctors of the role of residents as teachers of
undergraduate clinical students. Med Educ.
2003;37:241-247.
Morrison
EH, Friedland JA, Boker J, Rucker L, Hollingshead J, Murata P. Residents-as-
teachers
training in U.S.
residency programs and offices of graduate medical education.
Acad Med. 2001;76:S1-S4.
Teaching skills and behaviors in residents: documentation studies
Ashikawa
H, Xu G, Veloski JJ. Students’ ratings of otolaryngology clerkship activities:
the
role
of residents. Med Teacher. 1992;14:77-81.
Ashton
CM, Wray NP, Friedland JA, Zollo AJ, Scheurich JW. The association between
residents’
work-rounds styles and the process and outcome of medical care. J Gen Intern
Med. 1994;9:208-212.
Barnard
K, Elnicki DM, Lescisin DA, Tulsky A, Armistead N. Students’ perceptions of the
effectiveness
of interns’ teaching during the internal medicine clerkship. Acad Med. 2001;
76:S8-S10.
Chan-Yan
C, Gillies JH, Ruedy J, Montaner JS, Marshall SA. Clinical skills of medical
residents:
a review of physical examination. CMAJ.
1988;139:629-632.
LaPalio
LR. Time study of students and house staff on a university medical service. J Med
Educ. 1981;56:61-64.
Minor S, Poenaru D. The in-house
education of clinical clerks in surgery and the role of
housestaff. Am J Surg.
2002;184:471-475.
Morrison EH, Shapiro J, Harthill M. Resident physicians’
understanding of their roles as
clinical teachers. Med
Educ. 2005;39:137-144.
O’Sullivan
PS, Weinberg E, Boll AG, Nelson TR. Students’ educational activities during
clerkship.
Acad Med. 1997;72:308-313.
Schwenk
TL, Sheets KJ, Marquez JT, Whitman NA, Davis
WE, McClure CL. Where, how,
and
from whom do family practice residents learn? A multisite analysis. Fam Med. 1987;
19:265-268.
Sheets KJ, Hankin FM, Schwenk TL. Preparing surgery
house officers for their teaching
role. Am J Surg. 1991;161:443-449.
Stern
DT. In search of the informal curriculum: when and where professional values
are
taught.
Acad Med. 1998;73:S28-S30.
Tremonti LP, Biddle
WB. Teaching behaviors of residents and faculty members. J Med
Educ. 1982;57:854-859.
Wilkerson
LA, Lesky L, Medio FJ. The resident as teacher during work rounds. J Med
Educ. 1986;61:823-829.
Wray
NP, Friedland JA. Detection and correction of house staff errors in physical
diagnosis.
JAMA. 1983:249:1035-1037.
Wray
NP, Friedland JA, Ashton CM, Scheurich J, Zollo AJ. Characteristics of house
staff
work
rounds on two academic general medicine services. J Med Educ. 1986;61:893-900.
Other selected publications pertinent to residents as teachers